An attack on a blockchain, where a group of miners control more than 50% of the network. This allows a centralized party to control the "truth", destroying its integrity.
Someone who has a net worth greater than $1,000,000 and meets certain additional income requirements. Qualifying individuals may file with the SEC to obtain this status. Only accredited investors may invest in hedge funds, venture capital funds, and other "advanced" forms of investing.
A blockchain project giving away tokens or coins for free. A simple condition may need to be met, such as having a certain existing balance in your wallet or registering before a deadline. Teams may elect to do this to raise awareness of a project, or ensure that a cryptocurrency is not consolidated among too few people.
A device that has never been (and will never be) connected to an unsecure network, such as the internet. A strategy to keep cryptocurrency stored safely.
A computer that is specifically designed to mine cryptocurrency. The rise of ASICs has lead to more miner centralization since they make it harder to be profitable mining on a regular CPU or GPU.
Baking is the process that Tezos uses to append new blocks of transactions to its blockchain. It is a kind of delegated proof of stake. Bakers receive rewards for each block baked, similar to how Bitcoin miners receive rewards for discovering a new block. A baker is more likely to bake a block if they have a larger number of rolls (groups of 10,000 XTZ). Accounts must be registered as a delegate in order to partake in the baking process, and can bake on behalf of other accounts who do not meet the 10,000XTZ requirement.
The first successful and widely used implementation of a blockchain, originally proposed by Satoshi Nakamoto. It's a peer-to-peer payment system and store of value. Bitcoin can refer to both the tradable asset as well as the underlying protocol and technology.
A large buy order set at a specific price, likely to prevent lower buy orders from executing. This may be the result of Whales attempting to manipulate a price.
The thing being mined by miners. It's where transactions are stored. Once written, it cannot be altered or removed. It can be thought of like a page in a public ledger.
A specific type of DAG (Directed Acyclic Graph) first introduced by the Nano cryptocurrency. Each account has one blockchain which is controlled by the account's private key, and each blockchain is replicated to all peers in the network. This arrangement is called a block lattice.
The act of storing cryptocurrency by simply memorizing your recovery phrase. If not written down anywhere, the key to these funds are only stored in your brain. See: Wallet
Verifiably destroying a coin or token. This may be done for several reasons, such as rewarding existing stakeholders (reducing the supply tends to make the price go up), destroying unsold tokens from an ICO, or replacing them on an upgraded chain.
A thought experiment that is intended to illustrate the difficulty of reaching consensus in a distributed system. In the problem, a group of generals who each command a portion of the army, surround a city. These generals must develop a plan to either attack or to retreat. Every general must reach a collective decision (if a unified decision is not reached, and some generals decide to attack, while others retreat, then the uncoordinated attack or retreat, the army will fail). Generals must coordinate via messengers (whom may lie) and generals themselves may be traitorous.
The first transaction in a new block which is used to reward the miners who discovered it. The popular cryptocurrency exchange, Coinbase.com, is named after this term.
A transaction is considered to be confirmed once it has been written to the blockchain. If a transaction has multiple confirmations, it means that additional blocks have been mined after the block that contains the transaction in question. The higher the confirmation number, the more certainty that a coin has not been double spent.
A consensus mechanism is the method that a blockchain uses to decide on the individual contributions of all its participants. Common examples are Proof of Work and Proof of Stake.
A blockchain-based virtual game that allows players to purchase, collect, breed and sell various types of virtual cats. It famously clogged the Ethereum network at the height of its popularity. A single a CryptoKitty has been sold for over $100,000.
A common way to attack a network or website in order to render it unusable for a period of time. The attacker, often in control of a botnet, will overload the target by sending it more data than it can handle.
A small price recovery after a large crash, giving an indication of false hope for a dead asset. Comes from the phrase, "Even a dead cat bounces once."
Invented by Daniel Larimer, it is an alternative consensus mechanism to Proof of Work. A cryptocurrency that uses DPoS votes for a "witnesses" to secure their computer network. Coin holders to vote for "delegates", who are then responsible for validating transactions and maintaining the blockchain. It's used as consensus mechanisms in various cryptocurrencies such as BitShares, Lisk, EOS, Tezos, Ark, Nano and Cardano.
An exchange that does not rely on a third party to hold the customer's funds. Trades occur directly on the blockchain using an automated process such as a series of smart contracts.
Spending the same money more than once. This is a primary example of an issue that the blockchain solves (when working correctly). A 51% attack would allow the attackers to double spend their tokens.
An asymmetric memory-bound Proof of Work system that is based on the generalized birthday problem. Its memory intensive nature can be used to prevent ASIC mining. ZCash and its numerous forks are the most notable cryptocurrencies that use the Equihash algorithm. Developed by Alex Biryukov and Dmitry Khovratovich at the University of Luxembourg.
The runtime environment for smart contracts in Ethereum. It is sandboxed and completely isolated from the network, filesystem or other processes of the host computer system. Every Ethereum node in the network runs an EVM implementation and executes the same instructions.
In technical analysis, it is often observed that when markets move substantially in one direction, they often pull back to specific levels before continuing a trend. These levels correspond with ratios derived from Fibonacci numbers (23.6%, 38.2%, 50%, 61.8% and 100%).
A node which downloads a full copy of the blockchain and helps validate it, among other things (such as store a memory pool of pending transactions). Different blockchain implementations may have nodes serve different purposes. Someone who runs a node should not be confused with a miner.
A methodology of analyzing a potential intrinsic value of an asset based on both qualitative and quantitative factors such as economic metrics, competition and their product.
Governance refers to the method by which certain cryptocurrencies evolve over time. Certain coins have explicit "on-chain governance", which outlines a specific process by which proposed changes are voted on.
A meme derived from the misspelling of the word "Hold". A mindset that encourages people to hold on to their cryptocurrencies and have faith in the longterm prospects of the industry. Often given the incorrect bacronym "Hold on for Dear Life".
Any mathematical function that can be used to map data of arbitrary size to data of fixed size. In crypto, it is a one-way function that cannot be reverted. It's the kind of mathematical work used to mine cryptocurrencies.
A patented (closed source) "next-generation" consensus protocol that could theoretically render the blockchain obsolete. It features a "gossip protocol" where every node can spread signed information (events) on new and received transactions to randomly chosen neighbors. Neighbors will then aggregate received events with information received from other nodes into a new event, and then send it on to other randomly chosen neighbors. This system can reportedly achieve an astonishing quarter-million transactions per second.
A payment protocol that is built on top of a blockchain. It enables nearly instant transactions between parties and is one proposed solution to the scalability issues Bitcoin has faced.
A full node or wallet that keeps the full copy of the blockchain, but also performs additional functionality that is specific to a given cryptocurrency (such as participating in governance, or facilitating instant transactions). Someone who runs a full node typically needs to own a certain amount of tokens to qualify, and may in turn earn passive income from it.
When a transaction has been broadcast to the network, but has not yet been included in a block. A mempool is hosted by a node while it waits for miners to add it to an upcoming block. The order by which transactions are selected from the mempool is based on the transaction fee.
An important data structure commonly used within blockchains (as well as BitTorrent and Git). It allows for fast and secure verification of the contents of large data structures. Is used to test whether a transaction is included in a set or not.
The nature of the computational work that must be performed by a miner in order to discover the next block on a blockchain. This is only applicable in Proof of Work style blockchains.
A group of miners who share their processing power over a network. Each member is rewarded based on the amount of work they contributed to the block they helped mine.
A Bitcoinexchange based in Japan which got hacked and went bankrupt in February 2014. The original name is short for "Magic: The Gathering Online Exchange", which is what the site was originally intended for. It later became the first widely popular crypto exchange. It was founded by Jed McCaleb.
A computer connected to a given blockchain network. This is where transactions are initially broadcast, before they are written to the blockchain itself.
A "number only used once", which may have different meanings in contexts both in and outside of crypto. A cryptographic nonce is often used to ensure that old communications cannot be reused in replay attacks.
A valid block that is not part of the main chain. May occur when two miners produce a block at the same time, or caused by an attacker attempting to reverse transactions.
An asset traded directly between two parties, and isn't tied to a formal exchange. An asset traded this way may not have the liquidity or transparency that an exchange offers.
Ouroboros is the name of Cardano'sstaking algorithm. In a staking algorithm, a node is selected to generate a new block based on the relative economic stake they have in the network. Time is divided into "epochs", and further subdivided into "slots", where leaders are chosen.
A sale event that runs prior to the proper crowdsale in an ICO. There is usually a low cap to the funds raised, and they are often sold in bulk or at a discount.
A a string of letters and numbers that serves as a cryptographic key allowing a transaction to be sent over the blockchain. This is essentially your password for a wallet address, and should be held as securely as possible.
A blockchain consensus algorithm first introduced by NEM. Proof of Importance is the mechanism that is used to determine which nodes are eligible to add a block to the blockchain (this process is known as "harvesting" in NEM). It is different than Proof of Stake in that it factors one’s overall support of the network into account, not just the current moment in time. Vesting, transaction partners, number and size of transactions are all factors.
The ability to mine cryptocurrency by simply holding coins in a wallet that is connected to the network. The more coins in the wallet, the more mining power.
A piece of data that is computationally difficult to produce but easy for others to verify. It is the primary thing that miners do to discover new blocks and contribute to the integrity of the network.
A coordinated manipulation of the price of an asset. A whale or group of people all start buying a cryptocurrency causing the price to drastically increase very rapidly. This often causes wild speculation and others start buying it out of excitement. The original actors immediately sell everything they originally bought causing the price to come tumbling back down.
It is a price that a given asset typically has trouble reaching above. If it does reach above that level, it will likely climb even higher now that this level has been broken.
A technology used by Monero in order to obfuscate the input of a transaction. A message signed with a ring signature appears to be endorsed by any person within a certain group of people. It is computationally infeasible to determine which member of the group actually produced the signature.
A hash function used by certain cryptocurrencies (noteably Litecoin) as an alternative to SHA-256. It is more memory intensive, which means it is not well suited for ASIC hardware. This ensures that CPU and GPU remain viable methods to mine the coin.
A federal government agency responsible for protecting investors by regulating securities markets. The mission statement of the SEC is to "promote a market environment that is worthy of the public's trust".
Similar to an ICO, but the tokens issued offer more rights and may be backed by assets, profits, or revenue generated by companies. The idea is to give these tokens tangible value from day one, and reduce the component of hype and speculation.
An upgrade to the Bitcoin protocol where signature data is removed from transactions, allowing more transactions to fit in a single block, increasing the speed of the network.
A large sell order set at a specific price, likely to prevent higher sell orders from executing. This may be the result of whales attempting to keep a price low.
A method of scaling a blockchain (increasing how many transactions can be processed per second) by splitting up which miners are working on what at a given time.
A kind of address used by ZCash that is highly private. They are not visible in the blockchain and offer strong privacy against transaction graph analysis. The value transferred is private if both the sender and receiver are shielded. Shielded addresses are not supported in every ZCash wallet.
A method of betting on an asset decreasing in value. When someone shorts an asset, the investor borrows that asset and immediately sell it, hoping to buy it back when it is cheaper.
The ability to transfer assets from one blockchain to a separate blockchain and then be moved back if needed. It's a way for multiple cryptocurrencies to interact with one another.
An online black market, popularized as a platform for selling illegal drugs. It was only accessible via TOR, and only accepted Bitcoin as payment, which were tumbled in order to increase anonymity. Created by Ross Ulbricht.
A programmable way of executing logic on the blockchain. In addition to exchanging money, smart contracts allow arbitrary assets to be exchanged while avoiding a middleman.
A change in the protocol that is backward-compatible, and generally does not require users to upgrade their wallets or take any other action. See: Hard Fork.
A way of sending cryptocurrency by giving additional privacy to the recipient. By using a stealth address, you ask payers to generate a unique address in such a way that you can deduce the corresponding private key. So although a single "stealth address" can be visible in public, the blockchain sees all incoming payments as going to separate addresses.
An asset that can be reliably saved, retrieved, exchanged and predictably useful. Anything that retains these qualities as time passes is a good store of value.
A price that a given asset typically has trouble falling below. If it does fall below this level, it will likely fall much lower now that the support level was broken.
A type of DAG (directed acyclic graph) used by IOTA. It's a network consisting of nodes that issue and validate transactions. A qualifying node must choose two other transactions to approve, ensure approved transactions are not conflicting, and solve a cryptographic puzzle. A "coordinator" is currently used as a centralized consensus mechanism to prevent attacks on the network, and is scheduled to be shut down once the network is stable enough.
An expense that must be paid to miners in order for a cryptocurrency to be sent to a different wallet. This fee can vary based on how congested the network is, among other things.
A line that can be drawn (either horizontal or diagonal) in which the value of a given asset or indicator can frequently bump into but not cross. If a trend line is crossed, a larger price movement often follows.
A wallet allows someone to store the private key for a given blockchain address. They come in many shapes and sizes, such as hardware, paper and brain wallets.
An informational document that outlines a proposed solution or methodology for a given organization. This has become the go-to way for ICOs to market their token.
A method that lets someone prove possession of certain information (such as a secret key), without revealing that information, and without any interaction between the prover and verifier.
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